History of Nepal “Licchavi dynasty”

Introduction 

The Licchavi dynasty is the fourth largest dynasty in the history of Nepal. The Licchavi dynasty is the golden period of Nepal. They defeated Kirat dynasty.  It is roughly assumed that from 400 to 750 AD, the area now Kathmandu valley was covered by the Licchavi dynasty. Licchavi is originally from a branch of the Licchavi of Vaishali, who ruled the modern Bihar. The Lichavis are said to have migrated into Nepal from north India in around 250 A.D. The first Lichavi king of historical importance was Manadeva. Another important Lichavi monarch was Anshuverma who opened trade routes to Tibet. One of his daughters, Bhrikuti, who was married to Tibetan ruler Tsrong-tsong Gompo, was instrumental in spreading the Gospel of the Buddha in Tibet and China.The Lichchhavi rule spanned over a period of about 630 years, the last ruler being Jayakamadeva.

Why Licchavi dynasty known as a “golden era”

The Licchavi dynasty is considered a golden period of Nepal because it was a period of significance for peace, prosperity, cultural development, art, architecture, religion, and administration. With a flourish of economic and strong political stability. Nepal made all round development under the Lichchhavis. The Nepalese civilization and culture was spread over to India, Tibet and China. The Nepalese society was also influenced to some extent by other cultures and civilizations. The Lichchhavi period has been referred to as Nepal's "Golden Age" due to its effective governance, peace and concord, the advancement of art and architecture, and cordial ties with neighboring nations. 

1. Political Stability

The Licchavi dynasty established a relatively stable and prosperous rule in the Kathmandu Valley. This stability allowed for growth in various sectors, including trade, agriculture, and culture. 

2. Economic Prosperity

The period saw significant economic development, facilitated by trade routes connecting India and Tibet. The Licchavis engaged in commerce, which led to increased wealth and the flourishing of urban centers.

3. Cultural Flourishing 

The Licchavi period is marked by a remarkable cultural renaissance. There was a notable advancement in art, architecture, and literature. The construction of temples and stupas, such as the famous Pashupatinath Temple, reflects the architectural achievements of this time.

4. Religious Development 

This era was significant for the development of both Hinduism and Buddhism in Nepal. The Licchavis patronized various religious institutions and played a crucial role in the synthesis of these two religions, which contributed to Nepal's rich cultural tapestry.

5. Legal and Administrative Innovations

The Licchavis introduced a more structured administrative system and legal codes, which helped in governance and social organization. Their inscriptions provide valuable insights into the social and political life of the time.

6. Influence on Future Dynasties 

The practices and cultural developments initiated during the Licchavi period laid the groundwork for subsequent dynasties in Nepal, influencing the region's historical trajectory.

Consequences and fall of Licchavi dynasty 

The Licchavi dynasty made significant contributions to the nation and its citizens.  History books were opened, trade grew, and positive ties with nearby nations were established. Starting with Manadeva  and ending with Jay Kamadeva, they ruled for about 630 years. In the year 733, the Sanskrit records were last added. The Licchavi dynasty began to fall in the latter part of the 18 century. The Licchavi dynasty had ended completely by 879 CE, marking the start of the Newari era. 

Kings of Lichhavi dynasty 

 Licchavi dynasty Law

The main language of the Licchavi dynasty is Sanskrit Language, and their official justice is procured from the shastras and Dharmashastras.

Note: “dharma means guidelines and rules for ethical, moral, social, and legal conduct. Derived from the Sanskrit words "Dharma" (duty, law, or righteousness) and "Shastra" (treatise or scripture), these texts serve as manuals for living a virtuous life and maintaining social harmony”.

While King Amshuverma and King Narendradeva also made significant contributions to Nepal legal and judicial development, King Manadev was especially well-known for his just and equitable administration of justice. Additionally, when the Kings were unable to handle a case for a variety of reasons, highly educated Brahmins and their assembly were called upon to take over.

Rule of Marriage during the period of Lichhavi dynasty

The inscription stated that if a woman was unhappy with her husband in any way, including sexually, she was free to file for divorce and get married again. The following circumstances allowed a woman to get a divorce and get married again: 

• Husband death 

• Husband Vanished 

• Husband turns into saint or sage 

• No children 

However, there was a condition for this divorce. If a woman married again but did not give birth to a child , she would be punished or fined. If a woman married a multiple man and failed to bear a child, she would also face a fine. 

Additionally, with the exception of Jari, men were free to take more than one wife without being punished. Jari was talking about escaping with a married woman while her husband was still alive. 

In ancient Nepal, it was regarded as one of the Panchakhad, or Five Great Crimes. The law even penalized keeping a secret relationship with a woman. In conclusion, men were more free to do as they pleased, with the exception of having mistresses and participating in Jari.

Legal procedure during the period of Licchavi period 

Legal procedure at Kathmandu valley

In the scenario of Kathmandu valley, the judicial administration includes several steps. Firstly, Local Panchayats, also known as Gram Panchali, handled cases at the local level. The Tala, under the direction of the Talaswami, then heard the case.The case proceeded to the Drang level if it was not resolved. The case was eventually filed with either Mahapratihar or Dwarik. At last, the matter proceeded to the Antarasana stage for a definitive ruling.

Legal Procedure at Eastern and Western Region 

Same process as Kathmandu valley. The judicial administration in the Eastern and Western regions involved multiple stages. Local Panchayats, also known as Gram Panchali, were involved in the first step. If the dispute remained unresolved, it was lifted to the East or West Tribunal, depending on the region. From there, the case was registered with Dwarik or Maha Pratihar, as stipulated in the Narayanchaur inscription

Panchayat Management during the period of Licchavi

In the period of Licchavi the central government couldn't get involved in every small or administrative matter, Local Panchayats were given the power to settle local disputes. However, they were not authorized to handle cases of large-scale crimes and Pancha Aparadh.

The Local Panchayats were administered by Panchas, who were appointed by the kings during the period of Licchavi. Their responsibilities included deciding cases, administering punishments, providing water supply and tunnels to villagers, and overseeing the construction and maintenance of religious temples.

Justice System during the Period of Licchavi 

The Lichhavi criminal justice system involved rigorous measures once charges were finalized and guilt was proven. Sentences that individuals who tried to escape were punished more severely.

Witness evidence held significant importance, and any attempts to manipulate or compel witnesses into providing false testimony were subject to punishment. One of the most important considerations when making a decision was whether or not both parties were satisfied.

Obligation/ Responsibility of National Assembly during the period of Lichhavi

In the period of Licchavi the National Assembly held important responsibilities during the Lichhavi period that ensured impartial and equitable proceedings. The decision making process was guided by the principles outlined in Shukraniti,which also took into account customs, societal norms, and the advice of knowledgeable people. Membership in the National Assembly was limited to unbiased people who were truthful and knowledgeable about the Vedas and Dharmashastras.

Learn

Frequently Asked Question (FAQ's)

1.Who was the first king of the Licchavi dynasty?

King Jayadev is the first king of Licchavi dynasty 

2. Who ruled Nepal before the Licchavi Dynasty?

Kirat dynasty 

3. What is another name for Licchavis?

Lichavi 

4. What was the caste of the licchavi dynasty?

Brahmins, kshatriyas, vaishyas and shudrash 

5. What was the tax in the licchavi period?

During the period of the Lichavis in Nepal from the 2nd to 7th century, land tax was the principle source of state revenue. Such taxes ranged from as much as 50% to as low as 5% depending on the soil type and yield of the land. Livestock provided the second largest source of revenue.

6. Who was the sister of Licchavi king chetak?

Cheṭaka was the son of Keka and Yaśomatī, he belonged to the Haihaya clan and he had a sister named Trishala.

7. Who is the Licchavi Princess?

Chandragupta maurya married a Lichchhavi princess, Kumaradevi.